Doing Research in the Real Worl - David E Gray (2025)

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John W. Creswell was previously a professor in educational psychology in the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He moved to the University of Michigan in 2015 as a professor in the Department of Family Medicine. He has published many articles and close to 27 books on mixed methods. Professor Creswell is also one of the founding members of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He was a Fulbright scholar in South Africa in 2008 and Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he served as a visiting professor in the School of Public Health of Harvard University. In 2014, he became the Chairman of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. Professor Creswell has a personal website called “Mixed Methods Research” at http://johnwcreswell.com/. The site contains the information about his background, his own blog, consulting works and published books. He also posted replies questions from academic researchers and practitioners in the blog.

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David E. Gray has produced a 4th edition of his successful textbook Doing Research in the Real World. This useful handbook for social science researchers includes the addition of entirely new chapters on Visual Research Methods, Digital Research Methods and Getting Started Using NVIVO, along with other chapters updated to reflect developments in digital research tools. This has been done whilst also retaining a comprehensive overview of research methods in the social sciences. The purpose of this book remains to assist researchers and their supervisors in navigating the complex decisions involved in the design and execution of research projects and does this in a clear and approachable way.

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67 -CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 INTRODUCTION Examining the variables related to instructional leadership and the contribution of these variables to the improvement of learner achievement demands a dynamic research approach that is firmly rooted in both qualitative and quantitative epistemology. This is necessary to ensure that the respondents (principals, deputy principals and HODs) in a study of this magnitude and complexity are not denied their subjective views on the phenomena being studied, while the objectivity of the entire research enterprise is guaranteed. In line with this thinking, this study is based on a mixed methods research approach which is explained in detail in the following sections. 4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY The two concepts research design and research methodology need to be clarified firstly, in order to clear the confusion that is often associated with their usage, particularly by emerging researchers. Each of these concepts is presented as a compound word, with the concepts design and methodology attached to the noun research. It is appropriate to first answer the question:-What is research?‖ 4.2.1 RESEARCH A number of definitions of research have been proposed by different scholars and researchers, working in different fields. According to the Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary of Current English (1986:720), research is defined as "systematic investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts, get additional information". Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003) define research as "…something that people undertake in order to find out new things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge…" From the definitions of research provided above, it follows that research is a planned activity, aimed at establishing new facts and information about a particular phenomenon. The research process involves the identification of a particular problem or area of interest,-68-translating that problem into a research problem, collecting data, analyzing the data and reporting the findings of the research. 4.2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN Leedy (1997:195) defines research design as a plan for a study, providing the overall framework for collecting data. MacMillan and Schumacher (2001:166) define it as a plan for selecting subjects, research sites, and data collection procedures to answer the research question(s). They further indicate that the goal of a sound research design is to provide results that are judged to be credible. For Durrheim (2004:29), research design is a strategic framework for action that serves as a bridge between research questions and the execution, or implementation of the research strategy. 4.2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Schwardt (2007:195) defines research methodology as a theory of how an inquiry should proceed. It involves analysis of the assumptions, principles and procedures in a particular approach to inquiry. According to Schwardt (2007), Creswell and Tashakkori (2007), and Teddlie and Tashakkori (2007), methodologies explicate and define the kinds of problems that are worth investigating; what constitutes a researchable problem; testable hypotheses; how to frame a problem in such a way that it can be investigated using particular designs and procedures; and how to select and develop appropriate means of collecting data. 4.3 THE RESEARCH PROCESS As indicated under the analysis of the different definitions of research above, after identifying the research problem or an area of interest, the researcher has to identify appropriate method(s) to approach the problem. In order to give direction to this study, the research process-onion‖ of Saunders et al. (2003:83) was adopted. This onion illustrates the range of choices, paradigms, strategies and steps followed by researchers during the research process (see figure 4.1). 4.4 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY As indicated in section 4.1 above, this study adopted a mixed methods research approach. Kemper, Springfield and Teddlie (2003) define mixed methods design as a method that includes both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis in parallel form (concurrent mixed method design in which two types of data are collected and analyzed in sequential form). Bazely (2003) defines this method as the use of mixed data (numerical and text) and alternative tools (statistics and analysis), but apply the same method. It is a type of research in which a researcher uses the qualitative research paradigm for one phase of a study and a quantitative research paradigm for another phase of the study.

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2 Planning research

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Have you ever wanted to know an effective and ethical way to: y Design a study? y Recruit participants? y Report findings? y And improve the quality and output of your research? The Research Companion focuses on the practical skills needed to complete research in the social sciences, health and development. It covers the behind-thescenes essentials you need to run an effective and ethical piece of research and offers clear, honest advice to help avoid typical problems and improve standards and outcomes. It addresses each stage of the research process from thinking of a research idea, through to managing, monitoring, completing and reporting your project, and working effectively and safely with participants and colleagues. As well as covering theoretical issues in research, the book is full of links to other resources and contains practical tips and stories from researchers at all levels. This new edition is fully updated to reflect shifts in funding structures, open access, and online developments and has a link to a blog and friendly online community for readers to connect with diverse researchers all sharing experiences and offering practical advice. The Research Companion brings hard-earned lessons from the real world to offer invaluable guidance to all students of the social sciences, health and development, from those just beginning their first research project, to experienced researchers and practitioners. It will be instrumental in raising readers' competence levels and making their research more accurate, ethical and productive.

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Doing Research in the Real Worl - David E Gray (2025)
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